Salivary glands: what was innervation again?
Saliva has many functions, including moistening, aiding digestion and protecting the mouth. Three pairs of major salivary glands—the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands—produce saliva which is secreted into the mouth through excretory ducts. Additionally, numerous minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the mouth and throat. The salivary glands are autonomously innervated: the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves provide parasympathetic stimulation, while sympathetic fibres originate in the superior cervical ganglion. Saliva production is primarily regulated parasympathetically and can be increased by stimuli, chewing for example. Dry mouth (xerostomia) may be a result of medications inhibiting parasympathetic activity. Stimulation and medications such as saliva substitutes or mouth sprays can help alleviate symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and collaboration among healthcare professionals are essential for effective treatment.